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Starting Bankruptcy Proceedings
- Pursuant to the bankruptcy revisions in 2005, you must complete a certification process before you file. This is available at our offices or we can assist you online.
- Bankruptcy proceedings begin with the electronic filing of bankruptcy forms (bankruptcy petitions, schedules, etc) with the bankruptcy courthouse; we must disclose all of your property regardless of whether you wish to keep it or not; additionally, we must disclose all of your bills, even those you wish to continue to pay.
- Forms are comprehensive and include thorough lists of your income sources, property, debts and living expenses.
- About one or two months after filing, a meeting of your creditors must take place and you will be required to appear with your records.
- Although most creditors do not attend, those that do can question you about your income, property and debts.
- The main person of this questioning is to confirm that the information listed in your bankruptcy forms is indeed correct and complete; and to also determine if the trustee can obtain non-exempt assets on behalf of creditors.
- Pursuant to the bankruptcy revisions in 2005, you must complete a financial management course. We recommend that this be complete within 45 of your first 341 creditors' meeting; due to technical difficulties with the course providers, you should call the office to verify that we have received a certificate of your completion and that it has been filed with the court within the prescribed time.
I will prepare your bankruptcy forms, attend the meeting with creditors, and service your advocate with the judge, trustee, and creditors.
Dealing with Creditors
The attorneys at The Humble Law Firm will offer and help you deal with your creditors before and after bankruptcy proceedings.
During bankruptcy proceedings you will receive protection from both collectors and attorneys as soon as your case is electronic filed with the court. At the beginning of the proceedings, the court will order your creditors to stop their collection proceedings including lawsuits (i.e. foreclosures), wage garnishments, repossessions, and all telephone calls demanding payments. This is known as an "automatic stay" pursuant to 11 USC 362 or section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code. It is also unlawful for your employer to fire you for seeking bankruptcy protection.
After the bankruptcy proceedings have been completed, you must take care when dealing with creditors. Some creditors may try to collect debts that were discharged by the bankruptcy proceedings. These creditors may ask you to renew the debt by signing an agreement to pay it. Consult The Humble Law Firm when you are contacted by creditors so that you don't obligate yourself to pay an old bill that was discharged by your bankruptcy proceedings.
Working with Your Trustee
The bankruptcy court will appoint a trustee for your case shortly after your bankruptcy forms is filed electronically with the court. In a chapter 7, the role of the Trustee is to settle unexempt (unprotected) property, if any, and distribute the proceeds to creditors. The Trustee also can set aside preferential transfers (those that show one creditor was preferred over another) and/or fraudulent transfers (transfers that were made in attempt to hide assets or circumvent collection activities) up to ten years prior to the bankruptcy proceedings. The Trustee will also determine which items on the property are exempt from sale to pay your debts. Although the Trustee may make preliminary determination as to what property is exempt, if the attorneys at The Humble Law Firm do not agree with his opinion, we will take the issue before the bankruptcy judge for a determination thereof.
In a chapter 13, the Trustee coordinates the arrangements between you and your creditors. The Trustee collects payments from you to distribute to your creditors. The Trustee also is responsible for proving any new non-emergency credit obligations on purchases over $250.00 that you may wish to undertake during the pendency of your chapter 13. The one obvious exception to this is that of an emergency. An example of an emergency would be that your refrigerator stops working and it is full of food for your family. The repair to that fridge would take excessive time and may cost as much as new refrigerator. In those circumstances, it is entirely reasonable to purchase a new, reasonably priced refrigerator.
Effects of Bankruptcy
The end of your bankruptcy proceedings can provide you with a "fresh start." The court will end your responsibility for dischargeable debts. A chapter 7 normally won't affect debts such as alimony, child support, educational loans, taxes, or a debt that you inquired by deliberately injuring someone. However, chapter 13 may address some of these issues.
It should be noted that under the amendments of 2005 that one must be current with child support in order to proceed under the bankruptcy code.
As before mentioned, filing a chapter 7 or a chapter 13 may increase your credit score within one year of the proceedings being discharged. You should consider that even late payments noted on your credit report remain there for seven years. Therefore, under these circumstances a bankruptcy remaining on your credit report for more than ten years has little relevance. During that time, lenders, store, finance companies may consider your bankruptcy among the many factors they may review when you apply for a loan or a credit card.
Fees and Expenses
The bankruptcy courts currently charge an administrative fee of $299 to file a chapter 7 and $274 to file a chapter 13. The fee is paid to the clerk when your bankruptcy forms are filed electronically with the court. There is an additional fee for a credit report, consumer credit counseling certification, and financial management course. There may also be a search fee.
The fee charged by your attorney will be based on his/her experience and on the complexity and risks of your case. In bankruptcy matters, a lawyer's expertise will result in a savings that far outweighs his or her legal fees.
Checklist to Discuss With Your Attorney
1. Budgeting expenses
- Housing
- Clothing
- Food
- Medical
- Insurance
- Transportation
- Education
- Child care
- Entertainment
2. Warning signs of Bankruptcy
- Frequent calls from bill collectors
- "Robbing Peter to pay Paul."
- Inability to pay bills
- Liens against your property
- Garnishments taken against your wages
- Frozen bank accounts
- Bounced checks
- Foreclosure against your home
- Threats or actual repossession
- Making only minimum credit card payments
- Lawsuit
- Using your credit cards for groceries or gas
- Using cash advances or access checks from your credit cards
3. Benefits from bankruptcy proceedings
- Creditors may not phone you
- Lawsuits must stop
- Garnishments must stop
- Repossessions must stop
- Freezing of bank account must stop
- Probably retaining your house and vehicles
4. Debts that may not be discharged
- Alimony
- Child support
- Secured loans (unless assets surrendered or POND/522f motion granted)
- Educational loans
- Bills for luxury items
- Recent use of credit cards or cash advances or access checks
- Fraudulent use of credit
- Debts arising from drunken driving
- Willful injury or fraud
5. Partially and fully protected property
- Houses
- Automobiles
- Bank accounts
- Jewelry
- Tools
- Tax refunds
- Household goods
- Retirement
6. My office will prepare the following bankruptcy paperwork
- List of real property
- List of personal property
- Property claimed as exempt
- Creditors holding secured claims
- Creditors holding unsecured claims
- Creditors holding unsecured non-priority claims
- Executory contracts and un-expired leases
- Co-debtors
- Current income of individual debtors
- Current expenditures of individual debtors
- Chapter 13 plan, if necessary
- Statement of financial affairs
- Individual debtor's statement of intention
- Compensation statement of Attorney for the debtor(s)
- Notice to individual consumer debtor
- Verification of creditor matrix
- Means Test
Meeting With Us
- Prior to meeting with us, you need to download our form and fill it out to the best of our ability.
- You will need to call us for an appointment.
- At the consultation, your options will be provided and a fee structure will be given along with bankruptcy disclosure statements.
- Next, we will accept payments on your fees with a strict understanding that we cannot file your case until we are paid in full, (we do not have court protection until we file your case; we cannot file your case until we have all the necessary documentation, all the necessary fees, and all the necessary time to file your case electronically with the court; hence, you are not protected from your creditors until we are able to file your case with the court and obtain a docket number.)
- The next step, once your fees are paid, is to make another appointment to complete your consumer credit counseling certification, answer more questions regarding your financial situation, review our paperwork, and sign the necessary petition and schedules.
Bankruptcy
We understand that there are many reasons for financial difficulties such as the health problems, loss of a breadwinner, divorce, or too many credit card purchase. Money problems can be emotionally wrenching and may seriously damage family relationships.
However disturbing the idea of bankruptcy might initially seem, the fact is that bankruptcy laws are based upon United States Constitution to help those who are unable to pay their bills. That is, people who want to pay their bills but can't. Actually, bankruptcy today is more about protection than anything else.
The primary purpose of bankruptcy is: (1) to give an honest debtor a "fresh start" in life by relieving the debtor of most debts, and, if necessary, (2) to repay creditors in an orderly manner to the extent that the debtor has the means available for payment. Bankruptcy allows debtors to be discharged from the legal obligations to pay most debts by submitting their non-exempt assets, if any, to the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court for eventual distribution among their creditors.
A bankruptcy case is initiated by the filing of a petition which contains the debtor's financial information. A married couple may file a joint petition. Though in a technical sense, the filing of a joint petition initiates two separate bankruptcy cases (and estates). The cases and estates are usually consolidated and treated as one, unless one party wishes to move and try to proceed with a different strategy, and in that case, one case must be split (severed) from another.
There are two common forms of bankruptcy: liquidation (7) and reorganization (13). In the United States, the law provides for one liquidation (chapter 7); and other chapters are for reorganization (chapter 9 – municipalities, chapter 11 – businesses or individuals, chapter 12 - family farmers or fishermen, chapter 13 – individual "wage earners".)
Upon the filing of the petition, the debtor's assets constitute the bankruptcy "estate." With the notable exception of a case under chapter 11, a trustee is appointed to oversee the debtor's case, to evaluate claims and perform administrative functions. In certain instances, a trustee can be appointed to a chapter 11 case, however, the norm is that the debtor proceeds as a "debtor in possession."
In a liquidation bankruptcy, the debtor's non-exempt (i.e. legally unprotected) assets are sold off to satisfy creditor claims. This is referred to as "administering" the debtor's estate. (This is normally termed an "asset case".) The creditors with timely filed and valid claims participate in the distribution of the proceeds obtained through the liquidation. This is normally achieved by a trustee hiring an auctioneer to liquidate the assets that are not exempt. The distribution is based on a system of priorities, in which certain classes of claimants are given priorities over others. However, asset cases are not the norm. A liquidation case in which no liquidation occurs, and thus no assets are administered for the benefit of creditors, is generally referred to a "no-asset" case.
A reorganization bankruptcy is a bankruptcy in which a debtor reorganizes/restructures assets and debts. Individuals may initiate a reorganization bankruptcy in order to retain assets and pay creditor claims out of the individual's income. However, reorganization bankruptcies can involve an "orderly liquidation" of some or all of the debtor's assets. A reorganization bankruptcy usually allows the debtor to carry on while satisfying creditor claims (in whole or in part).
The benefit of a reorganization is to retain unexempt assets, bring taxes or mortgage arrears current, and to "stretch" the repayment on vehicles over a longer period of time. Additionally, vehicles that were purchased more then 910 days from the filing of the petition, or non-vehicle items purchased more than 365 days prior to the filing of the petition, may be "crammed down" or sometimes called "stripped down." (In fact, in the Western New York Jurisdiction, there is a case called POND, which allows the court to convert certain second and/or third mortgages to unsecured in a chapter 13 and to be paid at the unsecured rate.) What this means, is that the debtor is only required to pay the value of said asset over the term of the plan, rather than the normally higher contractual amount. Thus, this can be of substantial savings to the debtor.
Another benefit to reorganization is that, debtors only pay normally a fraction of what they owe to unsecured creditors, done over a period of 3-5 years. For example, if 5% of repayment plan is granted by the court, the debtor is required to pay 5 cents of each dollar he/she owes, but they also do so over a five year term, which equates to one penny on the dollar per year.
Additionally, it should be noted that should creditors not submit the proper paperwork, called a "proof of claim," then those creditors will receive nothing. On the other hand, there are creditors which the debtor wants to submit proofs of claim such as secured creditors for secured and priority assets which they are retaining.
Businesses may enter into a reorganization in order to survive insolvency due to creditor claims exceeding the ability of the business to satisfy them. The basic process involves a business reducing each creditor's claim to allow partial payment in order for the business to carry on with its daily commercial activity.
If the business is in the form of a partnership or sole proprietorship, it may be viable to file a chapter 13 to reorganize. Otherwise, should the business be in the form of a corporation or similar entity, a chapter 11 will be required.
During the pendency of the bankruptcy proceeding, the debtor is protected from most non-bankruptcy legal actions by creditors through a legally imposed "stay." A stay is granted upon the case being filed electronically with the bankruptcy court. This is pursuant to 11 USC 362; the stay is similar to a court injunction to stopping all illegal proceedings against the debtor. The creditors cannot pursue most types of lawsuits, garnish wages, attempt to compel payment, continue with foreclosure or repossession and cannot call or write in order to attempt to harass payment from the debtor.
History
In the Old Testament of the Bible and Hebrew scriptures Moses' laws state that one "holy year" or "Jubilee year" should take place every half-century when debts are eliminated among Jews and all debt-slaves are freed due to the heavenly command.
Additionally, the Hebrew (or Jewish) law of debt forgiveness can be found in the bible in Deuteronomy 15:1-2 which instructs a release of debt every 7 years.
In ancient Greece, bankruptcy did not exist. If a father owed (since only locally born adult males could be citizens, it was the fathers who were legal owners of the properties) and he could not pay, his entire family including his wife, children and servants were forced into "debt slavery", until the creditor recuperated loses via their physical labor. City-states in ancient Greece limited debt slavery to a period of 5 years and debt slaves had protection of life and limb which regular slaves did not enjoy. However, servants of the debtor could be retained beyond the deadline by the creditor and were often forced to serve a new creditor, usually under much harsher conditions.
The word 'bankruptcy' is formed from the ancient Latin 'bancus' (a bench or table) and ‘ruptus' (broken). A "bank" originally referred to a bench, which the first bankers had in the public places in markets, fairs, etc., on which they hold their money and wrote their bills of exchange, etc. Hence, when a banker failed, he broke his bank; he would advertise to the public that the person to whom the bank belonged was no longer in a condition to continue his business. As this practice was very frequent in Italy, it is said that the term "bankrupt" is derived from the Italian word banco rotto, broken bank. Others choose to deduce the word from the French bank banque, "table", and route, "Vestigium trace", a metaphor from the sign left in the ground, a table once fastened to it and now gone. On this principle, they trace the origins of bankrupts from ancient Roman mensarii or argentarii, who had their turbani tabernae or mensae in certain public places; and who, when they fled, or made off with money that had been entrusted to them, only left only a sign or a shadow of their former station behind them.
Phillip II of Spain had to declare four state bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1575, 1596. Spain became the first sovereign nation to declare bankruptcy.
The characteristic discharge of debts was introduced to Anglo-American bankruptcy with the statute of 4 Anne chapter 17 in 1705, where the discharge of unpayable debts was offered as a reward to bankrupts who cooperated in the gathering of assets to pay what could be paid.
Bankruptcy in the United States
Bankruptcy in the United States is a matter placed under a federal jurisdiction by the United States Bankruptcy Court (article I, section VIII), which allows congress to enact "uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States." It's implimintation, however, is found in statute federal law. The relevant statutes were incorporated within the Bankruptcy Code, located at Title 11 of the United States Code, and amplified by state law in many places where federal law either fails to speak or expressly defers to state law.
While bankruptcy cases are always filed in the United States Bankruptcy Court, (an adjunct to the United States District Court). State law, therefore, plays a major role in many bankruptcy cases, and is often not possible to generalize bankruptcy law across state lines.
References:
1. Lavidicus: 8-54
If you are in financial trouble, there are other choices other than bankruptcy, but these may be worse than filing bankruptcy. If you have more monthly debt than income, you could eventually lose your home and/or car unless you increase your income or decrease your expenses. Mortgaging your home or cashing in your retirement when you have a negative cash flow is only a temporary fix, and a waste of those particular assets. You can adjust your budgets and work within that budget; however, that is extremely hard to do especially with the obligations of you and your family. Bankruptcy is an opportunity to resolve your financial problems immediately and to protect your property.
Since October of 2005, there are many television commercials offering "debt reduction" which is a scam normally promoted by out of state by disbarred attorneys. Most of them are located in California and Texas; however, they have been known to exist in other states as well.
Americredit, Countrywide, and other agencies took money from debtors and then filed bankruptcy themselves after paying millions to corporate officers.
Bankruptcy has the power of a federal judge and law behind it, and the advantages of court orders. Debts can be repaid in chapter 13 as low as 5% in the Western District of New York and for similar amounts the Western District Pennsylvania and Middle District of Pennsylvania. Only bankruptcy has the power to effectively erase debts and surrender property you no longer wish to retain, with little or no future adverse effects.
Credit Counseling
The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-8 119 Stat. 23 ( April 20, 2005) ("BAPCPA"), substantially amended the Bankruptcy Code. Many provisions of BAPCPA were forcefully advocated by consumer lenders and were just as forcefully opposed by consumer advocates, bankruptcy academics, bankruptcy judges, and bankruptcy lawyers. Its enactment followed nearly eight years of debate in congress. Most of its provisions became effective on October 17, 2005. Upon the signing of the bill, President Bush stated:
"Under the new law, Americans who have the ability to pay, will be required to pay back at least a portion of their debts. Those who fall behind their state's median income will not be required to pay back their debts. The new law will also make it more difficult for serial filers to abuse the most generous bankruptcy protections. Debtors seeking to erase all debts will now have to wait 8 years from their last bankruptcy before they file again. The law will also allow us to clamp down on bankruptcy mills that make their money by advising abusers on how to game the system."
Note: The President's statement that you must wait 8 years from filing the last bankruptcy is incorrect. It is possible to file a chapter 13 in less than 8 years.
Among its many changes to Consumer Bankruptcy Law, BAPCPA enacted a "Means Test", which was intended to make it more difficult for a small number of financially distressed individual debtors, whose debts were primarily consumer debts to qualify for relief under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. Contrary to this intention, however, the Means Test often results in debtors more easily obtaining a discharge. If a debtor does not qualify for relief under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code, either because the Means Test or because chapter 7 does not provide a permanent solution to delinquent payments such as mortgages or vehicle loans, the debtor still may seek relief under chapter 13 of the Code.
BAPCPA also requires individuals seeking bankruptcy relief to undertake credit counseling with approved counseling agencies to prior to filing a bankruptcy petition and to undertake education and personal financial management from approved agencies prior to being granted a discharge of debts in either a chapter 7 or a chapter 13. Some studies of the operation of the credit counseling requirements suggest it provides little benefits to debtors who received counseling because the only realistic option for many is to seek relief under the Bankruptcy Code.
After midnight October 16, 2005, all persons filing a chapter 7 or a chapter 13 must participate in "credit counseling" which has been approved by their local United States Trustee. (The 2005 amendments made 217 changes to the Code, of which 21 or so had major implications.) Presently, credit counseling is approximately $50 and the financial management course is also approximately $50.
Presently, I am the largest area filer, and to date, we have not had anyone denied approval to proceed with a bankruptcy by Consumer Credit Counseling.
It should additionally be noted that we have new software that is indicating that a debtor's credit score will increase 80-135 points one year after discharge of their bankruptcy. These results are not unremarkable to those who have expertise in this area of the law.
End of Chapter 20?
Most attorneys believe that since you cannot file back to back chapter 7's for 8 years and you cannot file a chapter 13 within 4 years of a chapter 7 (if you seek a discharge), and obtain a discharge, that chapter 20 is dead. That is not correct. A chapter 20 is available; however, technical discharge will not be available and a 362 stay extension must be filed and granted for full effect.
Miscellaneous
Your state or residency for the prior two years now determines what exemptions you can use and what state you can file in. The underlying premesis to stop "form shopping" which was used to enhance debtor's outcome in filing bankruptcy. Additionally, it should be noted that law included a provision for auditing 1 out of every 200 cases or any suspicious cases. These audits are directed by the United States Trustee in Washington D.C. and by local United States Trustees and Assistant Trustees. At last count, there were only 8 certified public accounting offices approved for doing these audits. One of them is located in Williamsville, NY and has been conducting all the audits associated with my office. Originally, they were extremely unfamiliar with bankruptcy; however, they have become much more proficient in recent time. Ironically, as of January, 2008, the "blogs" of which I participate in as a member of the National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys (since 1995) indicate that this program is now out of federal monies and as a practical measure, may not continue until more federal funds are appropriated by the United States Government.
Mean's Test
Under the changes in the law, families that are over the "mean" income for their state fail the first part of the "means test." Therefore, the attorney must execute the second part of the means test, which is similar to three federal tax returns put together. Unfortunately, most of the expenses are fictitious based upon IRS guidelines. Some examples that are not fictitious, are the actual taxes paid, actual health insurance expense, and mortgage payments (assuming that you have more than five years left on your mortgage). If you have a loan against your vehicle, the total amount that you owe is divided over 60 months; therefore, in most cases you are not given full credit for your entire vehicle payment under this test.
Since these income and expense numbers change every six months, I am not going to note them here. However, should you wish to review the current numbers, kindly research www.usdoj.gov/ust/bapcpa/meanstesting.htm. The means test allows you to take your average income for the last six months and deduct fictitious or actual expenses as indicated. If you pass the second part of the mean's test, then it is likely you can file a chapter 7 or a minimal payment chapter 13. If you fail the means test, you'll most likely be required to file a chapter 13, and the means test will dictate the amount of your payments to the trustee, who in turn pays your creditors.
Attorney Verification
Under the amendments, attorneys have to verify and certify to the accuracy of the petition and to all related papers. In other words, the creditors who spent $87,000,000.00 to have congress and the president's "rubber stamp" these amendments without regard to the individual debtors that they effect, wish to hold bankruptcy attorneys responsible for any unknown assets whether or not they knew about said assets.
Automatic Dismissal
Pursuant to the 2005 changes, if all of the required documents are not filed properly with the court and/or trustee, your case will "automatically" be dismissed. There are many problems with this part of the law. First, it violates the "due process" provision of the United States Constitution, which requires a hearing. The amendments make no provisions for the constitutionally required hearing. Further, this adds to the confusion of the bankruptcy case and future analysis of the disposition of the case. Presently, most bankruptcy judges are "frowning" on this provision of the amendments and not finding that cases are automatically without a hearing and an order of the court.
Documents Required to Avoid Dismissal
IT IS THE CASE TRUSTEE'S JOB: to ensure the accuracy of the petition and to take as much property from you as he/she can and liquidate that property and pay creditors.
IT IS THE US TRUSTEE'S JOB: to force individuals into a chapter 13 if there is any reason to do so. He may also refer your case to a United States Attorney to prosecute for any bankruptcy fraud such as hiding assets or lying under oath. Never make a false statement. You may strategize when filing your bankruptcy, but you cannot transfer assets outside of your estate. Bankruptcy fraud is a crime. If you get caught, you may go to prison.
IT IS YOUR ATTORNEY'S JOB: to properly prepare your petition so as to maximize your benefits and minimize your expenses. You should understand before you file what is at risk; but, always answer all of your attorney's questions truthfully so that he/she may provide you with the best strategy possible. If you fail to tell your attorney about things such as judicial liens or pending law suits, those liens will not be addressed and those law suits may cause you to lose your property.
IT IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY: to fully disclose your income, expenses, assets and debts and provide documentation when it is asked for and cooperate fully with your attorney, your Trustee, the United States Trustee and the court. If you do, your case should go smoothly, quickly and easily. Never underestimate the ability of an ignorant or self-destructive client to a case. Not knowing what to do will produce disastrous results. Your case may be dismissed if your documents are not timely provided or other requirements are not met.
If you are in a chapter 13, your chapter 13 payment is due to the trustee within 30 days of your filing date. You must stay current on your mortgage payments and taxes from the date you file. You will receive six-month reports from the chapter 13 Trustee, which you should review for accuracy, and contact me immediately, should you find any discrepancies. If it states "not filed", this means that we did file that particular creditor but they did not provide a proof of claim to the Trustee or the court. Normally, we are only interested in making sure that secured or priority creditors file proofs of claim. Unsecured creditors don't normally care if they file proof of claim or not.
To attend your §341 Meeting (court), you must have photo identification and original proof of your social security number. If you do not have a social security card, you can get a new one by calling 1-800-772-1213 or going to www.ssa.gov to fill out the application and obtain one. Otherwise, go to your local social security office such as on Hazeltine Avenue in Jamestown, New York. Normally it takes less than one week to obtain your new social security card, however, do not wait until the last minute.
Failure to attend your hearing or not have necessary documents is a basis for having your case dismissed.
The Four Secrets of Bankruptcy
If you are concerned about filing bankruptcy, maybe it is because you have heard myths that bankruptcy will destroy your credit score, prevent you from finding employment, or prevent you from ever owning your own home.
Secrets:
One: bankruptcy will actually help your credit score.
Two: bankruptcy will improve your income to debt ratio to allow you to refinance your present home or purchase a new home within two years.
Three: almost nobody will know about your bankruptcy. Although your bankruptcy is public record once it is filed, it is hardly headline news. No local papers are going to list your bankruptcy. But, the Buffalo and Erie papers occasionally do list more prominent cases.
Four: employers cannot discriminate against you if you already have the position; however, if you are applying for a new position and you are concerned about security, filing can be an issue.
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